Activation of slag: a comparative study of cement, lime, calcium sulfate, GGBS fineness and temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the precast industry very early age strength development is crucial for productivity, and it is for this reason that industry has been reluctant to embrace the use of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a supplementary cementitious material, despite its lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This paper explores the replacement of different base cements (CEM II A-L and CEM I (42·5 R)) with slags of different fineness in mixes containing a novel accelerating admixture at different curing temperatures (20, 35, 45 and 55°C for 16 h); results are also compared with cement–slag mortars containing lime (Ca(OH)2; 6%) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4; 3%) for activating the early age strength. These studies are conducted for a 30% replacement of cement with slag, to establish the benefits offered for very early age strength attainment in the precast concrete industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".