LIGNIN BIO-BASED MATERIAL IN UNSATURATED POLYESTER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The potential utilization of lignin, as a natural-based material, in unsaturated polyester (UPE) has been investigated. Kraft (Indulin AT) and sulfite lignin (ArboSO1) samples from forestry biomass and their consistencies in UPE were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative methods. The tensile and impact properties of the cured UPE with and without lignins, as well as fracture surfaces, were also studied. The result indicated that the ash content is quite high for lignosulfonate ArboSO1. NMR spectra show significant differences almost in the entire spectral region for the two lignins. The aliphatic hydroxyl groups were found more uniform in Indulin AT than in ArboSO1. Indulin AT seems to have more pronounced condensed units than ArboSO1. The guaiacyl units in Indulin AT were found to be more uniform and of higher magnitude than in ArboSO1, similarly to free phenolic units. However, the terminal carboxylic content in ArboSO1 was found to be higher than in Indulin AT. The investigation by SEM showed that the particles of the two lignins are porous and have different sizes, mostly less than 100 m. The addition of different concentrations of lignins increased the viscosity of UPE; however, the viscosity was still suitable for processing at the lignin loading levels. The results also indicated that the lignin types and loadings did influence the tensile properties, but not the impact property of the UPE. The modulus of UPE decreased almost linearly with the loading of ArboSO1 for both UPEs. On the other hand, the modulus of UPE leveled up for Indulin AT only at 10 and 20 wt% loading. The positive effect of adding 10 wt% of both lignin samples on the tensile strength of UPE was demonstrated. The presence of lignin affected the fracture surface of the UPE systems, regardless of the lignin type and consistency. This novel approach could reduce costs and environmental impact of manufacturing UPE products, while improving their quality.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".