Horizontal ridge augmentation using GBR with a native collagen membrane and 1:1 ratio of particulate xenograft and autologous bone: A 3‐year after final loading prospective clinical study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cawood-Howell class IV atrophies, also known as "knife-edge" ridges, represent a serious horizontal defect, making the placement of regular implants challenging. AIM: To clinically and radiographically evaluate bone regeneration of severe horizontal bone defects with 3 years of follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was designed as a single cohort, prospective clinical trial. Patients having horizontal bone width of 4 mm or less in the posterior mandible or maxilla were treated with resorbable collagen membranes and a 1:1 mixture of anorganic bovine bone (ABB) and autogenous bone. Implants were inserted and loaded 7 months later. Outcomes were implant and prosthetic survival rates, any biological and prosthetic complications, horizontal and volumetric bone dimensional changes measured on cone beam computer tomography (CBCT), peri-implant marginal bone level (MBL) changes measured on periapical radiographs, plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). RESULTS: Eighteen patients received 55 implants. No patient dropped-out. No implant and prosthetic failures and no complications were recorded. Super imposition of pre and 7-month postoperative CBCT scans revealed an average horizontal bone gain of 5.03 ± 2.15 mm (95% CI: 4.13-5.92 mm). After 3 years, mean MBL was 1.15 ± 0.28 mm (95% CI 0.84-1.22 mm). The PI was 11.6%, and BOP was 5.2%. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the present study, high implant survival rate and high average bone augmentation seem to validate the use of collagen resorbable membranes with a 1:1 mixture of particulate ABB and autogenous bone for the reconstruction of Cawood-Howell class IV alveolar ridge atrophies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".