ALMA view of the Galactic super star cluster RCW 38 at 270 au resolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT We report millimeter/submillimeter continuum and molecular line observations of the Galactic super star cluster RCW 38, obtained from the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array with a minimum angular resolution of ${0{^{\prime \prime }_{.}}17}\times {0{^{\prime \prime }_{.}}15}$ (≃ 289 au × 255 au). The C18O image reveals many massive condensations embedded within filamentary structures extending along the northwest–southeast direction in the center of cluster. The condensations have sizes of 0.01–0.02 pc, H2 column densities of 1023–1024 cm−2, and H2 masses of 10–130 M⊙. In addition, the 233 GHz continuum image reveals two dense, small millimeter-sources with radii of 460 and 200 au (Source A and Source B). Source A is embedded within the most massive C18O condensation, whereas no counterpart is seen for Source B. The masses of Source A and Source B are estimated as 13 and 3 M⊙ at the optically thin limit, respectively. The C18O emission shows a velocity gradient of 2 km s−1 at the central 2000 au of Source A, which could be interpreted as a Keplerian rotation with a central mass of a few M⊙ or infall motion of gas. Further, the ALMA 12CO data reveal that Source A and Source B are associated with molecular outflows exhibiting maximum velocities of ∼30–70 km s−1. The outflows have short dynamical timescales of <1000 yr and high-mass outflow rates of ∼10−4–10−3 M⊙ yr−1. These observational signatures suggest an early evolutionary phase of the massive star formation in Source A and Source B.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".