From Unnatural Fanatics to “Fair Quakers”: How English Mainstream Culture Transformed Women Friends between 1650 and 1740
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quaker women’s plain clothing acquired a special significance in the eighteenth century. This article examines its meaning through an analysis of various kinds of cultural products, including plays, periodicals such as the Spectator, and novels such as Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740). It also addresses writings on the question of appropriate attire by Quaker authors. Women Friends’ sartorial choices became a parameter from which to measure the specific kind of cultural shifts that occurred generally in eighteenth-century English society regarding gendered prescriptions for women’s conduct and patterns of consumption. These changes are chronicled from the early stages of the movement in the last decades of the seventeenth century through the early decades of the eighteenth century, when Quakerism developed into an established denomination. The acceptance and eventual desirability of Quaker women as spouses, illustrates the ways in which English society began to codify and establish ideal wifely behaviour.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".