Measuring Spinous Process Angle on Ultrasound Spine Images using the GVF Segmentation Method
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spinous process angle (SPA) is an important parameter to evaluate the severity of scoliosis. However, the spinous process cannot be accurately automatic located due to the interference of the muscle layer. The objectives of this study are to apply gradient vector flow (GVF) snake model to segment spinous process (SP) on US transverse vertebral images and to illustrate and measure SPA on US coronal spine images. The snake method could detect SP tip position reliably in this study. Ten spinous process curves were identified on both radiographs and US images. The mean absolute difference (MAD) of SPAs obtained from the two modalities was 2.5±1.9°. It demonstrates the SPA measured from US images via GVF snake model is comparable with the results from the conventional radiographs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it