Economic Relationships among the Allies: Sources of Cohesion and Tension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trends in foreign direct investment flows provide a second potent source of counterprotectionist sentiment. Whatever the causes of these investment trends, the facts of increasing foreign direct investment outflows and coproduction/joint venture arrangements in West Europe, the Newly Industrializing Countries, Japan and Canada are clear. Since 1977, these trends have shifted away from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Allies to favor the developing countries of Asia and Latin America. Economic tensions have posed serious dilemmas for the members of the NATO Alliance since its inception. The chapter shows that economic strains pose a serious immediate threat to NATO cohesion. It reviews the problems posed by protectionism and identifies those trends in trade and investment which represent potentially important counterprotectionist influences at the microeconomic/sectoral levels. The chapter also reviews overall trade and investment trends at the macroeconomic/structural level of the global economy which will affect the longer-term stability and interdependence of the US-Western European relationship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".