Investigation of the Total Flow Rates in Oil Natural Transformer Retrofilling Scenarios
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retrofilling transformers with a new liquid has been considered as an option for life extension and/or uprating purposes. The determination of the new total liquid flow rate is of vital importance in assessing the effect of retrofilling on flow and temperature distributions in the winding, especially for ON transformers. This paper presents the determination of flow rate ratios for four liquids-a mineral oil, a GTL oil, a synthetic ester and a natural ester-in ON transformer retrofilling scenarios. Flow rate ratios among different liquids are provided for a simplified condition of linear radiator oil temperature variation. For a more realistic exponential radiator oil temperature variation, the detailed transformer geometric information is needed to estimate the total flow rate. In addition, a hydraulic winding network model is established to prove that “minor pressure losses” due to change of flow directions is indeed minor for ON transformer liquid flow conditions, justifying neglecting the minor losses in the deduction of the total liquid flow rate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".