Re-thinking the concept of diaspora: the example of Lithuanian migration history
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this article is to re-consider the currently common idea that a diaspora, as William Safran’s 1991 definition asserts, is based on a very strong emotional tie with the homeland. As Lithuanian migration history shows, this applies well to the post-war Displaced Persons (DPs), ideological migrants who emigrated from European refugee camps rather than return to a homeland under Soviet rule. In their communities, the DPs set up organizations that are hierarchical and closely linked to their goal – to free Lithuania. However, this concept of diaspora does not work well with what can be called rhizomic migration, which is typical for Lithuanian migrants in the periods before and after the DPs. Rhizomic communities are ideologically diverse and form through many individual decisions, most often motivated by economic concerns. In this article, two examples of early 20th century Lithuanian communities formed in this way are analyzed, Bellshill in Scotland and Sydney Mines in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".