Multimodal Neuroimaging Fusion in Nonsubsampled Shearlet Domain Using Location-Scale Distribution by Maximizing the High Frequency Subband Energy
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A fusion of medical imaging data obtained from different modalities plays an important role in the current clinical practice. In this paper, we propose a novel multimodal fusion algorithm for brain imaging data based on the statistical properties of nonsubsampled shearlet transform (NSST) coefficients and a novel energy maximization fusion rule. The marginal distributions of the high-frequency NSST coefficients exhibit heavier tails than the Gaussian distribution. As a consequence, after studying its characteristics, we use a heavy-tailed probability density function, student's t location-scale distribution, to describe the highly non-Gaussian statistics of empirical NSST coefficients by learning the parameters using maximum likelihood estimation. Then, we employ this model to develop a maximum a posteriori estimator to obtain the noise-free coefficients. Then, for the first time, a novel fusion rule for obtaining the fused NSST coefficients based on maximizing the energy in the high-frequency subbands is proposed. Experiments are carried out on fusing two or more multimodal neuroimages taken from the BrainWeb, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), and Whole Brain Atlas databases. It is seen from the subjective and objective results that the proposed multimodal neuroimaging fusion method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods including under noisy scenarios, and hence, it is more robust. It is also observed that the signal intensities in the fused images are better enhanced when a more number of source images are being fused. The proposed technique should benefit the medical professionals in diagnosing neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it