Gamma-Ray Bursts as Sources of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays across the Ankle
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The origin of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) is still unknown. Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are considered as potential sources as they belong to the most energetic events observed to date. However, conventional GRB scenarios are strongly constrained by the non-observation of associated astrophysical neutrinos. On the other hand, hidden accelerators such as low-luminosity GRBs (LLGRBs) can ameliorate the constraints. We show that the population of LLGRBs is not only consistent with current constraints, but can even describe the UHECR spectrum and composition across the ankle as well as neutrino data simultaneously. We explicitly compute the nuclear cascade in the source and stress that the sub-ankle component is directly related to nucleon and neutrino production in the nuclear cascade. We deduce source properties such as the baryonic loading or the cosmological event rate. Further, we study the impact of multi-zone models compared to the one-zone approach and how different collision dynamics change the predictions of GRB models.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it