Non-Uniform Stochastic Average Gradient Method for Training Conditional Random Fields
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores using a stochastic average gradient (SAG) algorithm for train-ing conditional random fields (CRFs). The SAG algorithm is the first general stochastic gradient algorithm to have a linear convergence rate. However, despite its success on simple classification problems, when applied to CRFs the algorithm requires too much memory because it requires storing a previous gradient with respect to every training example. In this work we show that SAG algorithms can be tractably applied to large-scale CRFs by tracking the marginals over ver-tices and edges in the graphical model. We also incorporate a simple non-uniform adaptive sampling scheme that learns how often we should sample each training point. Our experimental results reveal that this method significantly outperforms existing methods. 1 Conditional Random Fields Conditional random fields (CRFs) [9] are a ubiquitous tool in natural language processing. They are used for part-of-speech tagging [12], semantic role labeling [1], topic modeling [27], information
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".