European Economies in Light of the Keynesian cum Kaldorian Macroeconomic Distribution Theory: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we present a combination of Keynesian and Kaldorian macroeconomic distribution theory. After a short literature review, we proceed to assessing the actual relevance of the original contributions of Keynes and Kaldor to the theory of macroeconomic income distribution. Thereafter, we put a combination of both approaches under an empirical test. An important outcome of our theoretical research is that the (total) savings ratio is an endogenous variable which is itself (among other factors which determine its equilibrium value) a positive function of the profit quota. In the empirical section of the paper, we first present the development of the saving quotas, of the profit quotas and of the total tax quotas among 8 European countries between 1999 and 2014. This time- period covers both phases of moderation (1999-2007) and of great economic crisis (2008-2014) in Europe. Furthermore, we conduct a linear regression analysis for the countries mentioned and find empirical support for a savings function in the vein of Nicholas Kaldor and of John Maynard Keynes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".