Seismotectonics of the Zagros (Iran) From Orogen‐Wide, Calibrated Earthquake Relocations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We use calibrated earthquake relocations to reassess the distribution and kinematics of faulting in the Zagros range, southwestern Iran. This is among the most seismically active fold‐and‐thrust belts globally, but knowledge of its active faulting is hampered by large errors in reported epicenters and controversy over earthquake depths. Mapped coseismic surface faulting is extremely rare, with most seismicity occurring on blind reverse faults buried beneath or within a thick, folded sedimentary cover. Therefore, the distribution of earthquakes provides vital information about the location of active faulting at depth. Using an advanced multievent relocation technique, we relocate ∼2,500 earthquakes across the Zagros mountains spanning the ∼70‐year instrumental record. Relocated events have epicentral uncertainties of 2–5 km; for ∼1,100 of them we also constrain origin time and focal depth, often to better than 5 km. Much of the apparently diffuse catalog seismicity now collapses into discrete trends highlighting major active faults. This reveals several zones of unmapped faulting, including possible conjugate left‐lateral faults in the central Zagros. It also confirms the activity of faults mapped previously on the basis of geomorphology, including oblique (dextral‐normal) faulting in the NW Zagros. We observe a primary difference between the Lurestan arc, where seismicity is focused close to the topographic range front, and the Fars arc, where out‐of‐sequence thrusting is evident over a width of ∼100–200 km. We establish a focal depth range of 4–25 km, confirming earlier suggestions that earthquakes are restricted to the upper crust but nucleate both within and beneath the sedimentary cover.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".