Bibliographic record
Abstract
Herlihy's consensus hierarchy ranks the power of various synchronization primitives for solving consensus in a model where asynchronous processes communicate through shared memory, and may fail by halting. This paper revisits the consensus hierarchy in a model with crash-recovery failures, where the specification of consensus, called recoverable consensus in this paper, is weakened by allowing non-terminating executions when a process fails infinitely often. Two variations of this model are considered: with independent process failures, and with simultaneous (i.e., system-wide) process failures. We prove two fundamental results: (i) Test-And-Set is at level 2 of the recoverable consensus hierarchy if failures are simultaneous, and similarly for any primitive at level 2 of the traditional consensus hierarchy; and (ii) Test-And-Set drops to level 1 of the hierarchy if failures are independent, unless the number of such failures is bounded. To our knowledge, this is the first separation between the simultaneous and independent crash-recovery failure models with respect to the computability of consensus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".