Mechanism of atrazine resistance in atrazine- and HPPD inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth (<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> S. Wats.) from Nebraska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) is one of the most problematic weed species in agronomic crops in the United States. A Palmer amaranth biotype multiple-resistant to atrazine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors was reported in a seed corn production field in Nebraska. Rapid detoxification mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and increased HPPD gene expression were reported as the mechanisms of mesotrione resistance in atrazine- and HPPD inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth biotype from Nebraska; however, the mechanism of atrazine resistance is unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate target site or non-target site based mechanisms conferring atrazine resistance in Palmer amaranth from Nebraska. 14C-atrazine absorption and translocation studies revealed that reduced atrazine absorption or translocation were not involved as one of the mechanisms of atrazine resistance. Instead, greater 14C-atrazine absorption and recovery in treated leaves were observed in resistant compared with susceptible Palmer amaranth. No known mutations including Ser264Gly substitution in the psbA gene causing target site based atrazine resistance were observed. However, the parent 14C-atrazine was metabolized rapidly <4 h after treatment in resistant plants, conferring enhanced atrazine metabolism as the mechanism of resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".