Maximum likelihood spectral fitting and its application to EBL constraints
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The extragalactic background light (EBL) is the second-most-intense form of cosmic background light (the first being the cosmic microwave background) and contains the redshifted optical radi- ation, from infra-red to ultraviolet, emitted across all epochs, making it of great cosmological in- terest. While direct measurements of the EBL are hampered by foreground contamination, obser- vations of VHE emission from distant sources can be used to obtain indirect measurements of the EBL. In this work a maximum-likelihood fit is applied to the energy spectra of blazars observed by VERITAS, an array of ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes sensitive to very-high-energy (VHE; E>100 GeV) gamma rays. Using theoretical models of the EBL shape and intensity, the EBL normalization is treated as a free parameter, allowing for model-dependent constraints to be obtained. Details of this maximum-likelihood analysis and preliminary model- dependent constraints on the EBL, are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.030 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".