Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy is a recently developed optical non-contact imaging method that provides optical absorption contrast in reflection mode. Previously, this was performed by co-scanning of tightly co-focused excitation and interrogation beams. We have demonstrated the proof of principle that superficial optical absorption information can be measured from a scattering sample by a camera in reflection mode using a pulsed excitation and interrogation beams. This allows wide field-of-view absorption imaging in scattering samples in real-time. Using a wire-bonding wire embedded in a phantom, the photoacoustic effect is first induced by a 532-nm pulsed excitation beam which alters the optical property of the wire that is illuminated with a 1064-nm pulsed interrogation beam with 80 ns delay. The scattering of the interrogation beam with and without the excitation beam is captured by the camera and the difference is calculated. Increasing contrast in difference images can be observed as the fluence rate of the excitation beam is set to 5.28 mJ/cm2, 12.8 mJ/cm2, 19.5 mJ/cm2 and 26.0 mJ/cm2. The mean relative difference is increased from 0.92 %, 2.10 %, 2.64 % and 3.27%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".