Magnetic polyelectrolyte complex (PEC)-stabilized Fe/Pd bimetallic particles for removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solution
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Magnetic polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) based on chitosan and sodium ligninsulfonate as the support to stabilize Fe/Pd bimetallic particles (mPEC-Fe/Pd) were synthesized for the degradation and decolorization of organic pollutants in aqueous solution. The morphologies and structures of the as-obtained composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Various factors potentially influencing the decolorization performance of methyl blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution (i.e., mPEC-Fe/Pd dosage, solution pH, initial dye concentration and reaction temperature) were investigated. mPEC-Fe/Pd exhibited higher catalytic activity towards the removal of MB and MG, which involved both adsorption of dye molecules on mPEC surface and reduction reaction by Fe/Pd particles. Nearly 99% and 91% of MB and MG were removed at initial dye concentration of 100 mg l −1 with 1.0 g l −1 of mPEC-Fe/Pd, respectively. The decolorization efficiency of MB and MG increased with the increase of solution pH and mPEC-Fe/Pd dosage but decreased with the increase of initial dye concentrations. mPEC-Fe/Pd could be recycled effectively, and the removal percentage of MB reached as high as 83.5% even at the eighth reuse. Furthermore, the catalytic performances were further investigated to remove other organic pollutants, in which 92.4% of oxytetracycline, 85.1% of Tetrabromobisphenol A, and 34.7% of norfloxacin were removed at 50 mg l −1 of aqueous solution using 1.0 g l −1 of mPEC-Fe/Pd. Due to high removal efficiency, rapid reaction rate, easy separation and good reusability, mPEC-Fe/Pd had the potential to become an environmental remediation material for the treatment of wastewater containing organic compounds.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it