Assessment and Interpretation of Surface Wettability Based on Sessile Droplet Contact Angle Measurement: Challenges and Opportunities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Surface wettability, a property that governs the interaction between the solid and liquid phases, is central in various biological systems and technological applications. A typical approach to assess the wetting interaction is based on the sessile droplet contact angle. Despite its experimental simplicity, caution is required in the measurement and interpretation of the sessile contact angle as a wettability metric. In this work, the major challenges related to the use of the sessile droplet contact angle for characterizing surface wetting behavior are reviewed. The complexity of interpreting surface wettability using the contact angle value arising from the following factors is discussed: the role of solid–liquid interfacial area and three‐phase contact line, the existence of multiple metastable states with a range of contact angle values, and the droplet size dependence of contact angles. An overview of the emerging alternative wetting evaluation techniques and parameters that can complement the sessile contact angle measurement is outlined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".