An Integrated Discrete-Time Delay-Compensating Technique for Large-Array Beamformers
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper implements a wide aperture high-resolution true time delay for frequency-uniform beamforming gain in large-scale phased arrays. We propose a baseband discrete-time delay-compensating technique to augment the conventional phase-shift-based analog or hybrid beamformers. A generalized design methodology is first developed to compare delay-compensating analog or hybrid beamforming architecture with their digital counterpart for a given number of antenna elements, modulation bandwidth, ADC dynamic range, and delay resolution. This paper shows that delay-compensating analog or hybrid beamformers are more energy-efficient for high dynamic-range applications compared to true-time-delay digital beamformers. To demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed technique, a four-element analog delay-compensating baseband beamformer in 65-nm CMOS is prototyped. A time-interleaved switched-capacitor array implements the discrete-time delay-compensating beamformer with a wide delay range of 15-ns and 5-ps resolution. Measured power consumption is 47 mW with frequency-uniform array gain over 100-MHz modulated bandwidth, independent of angle of arrival. The proposed delay compensation scheme is scalable to accommodate the delay differences for large antenna arrays with higher range/resolution ENOB compared with prior art.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it