Horizontal inequalities and ethno-religious conflicts in Jos metropolis, North-Central Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prolonged political struggles and perceived horizontal inequalities between Christian Afizere, Anaguta and Berom against Muslim Hausa and Fulani in Jos metropolis, North-Central Nigeria have boosted feelings of difference between the two groups and ignited convulsive bloody conflicts. This article analyses the discourses of horizontal inequalities and how they stimulated the protracted ethno-religious conflict in Jos metropolis and beyond. It discusses how socio-historical forces and conditions, in this case colonial and post-colonial policies and politics, spurred horizontal inequalities and how such inequality fanned the embers of ethno-religious conflicts. Relying on interviews, focus group discussions, archival documents and relevant secondary sources, the paper contends that the conflicts are clear manifestations of historical traditions of unequal access to political offices, economic resources, cultural resources and education in Jos and cities of central Nigeria, and that the government that should mediate in the conflicts has been intermeshed in them.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".