Electrochemical Activation of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (Hausmannite) for a Rechargeable Aqueous Zn/Mn-Oxide Battery for Energy Storage Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous zinc/manganese dioxide batteries are excellent candidates for stationary energy storage applications due to several advantages, including low cost, the earth-abundance of Zn and Mn-oxides, high theoretical volumetric and specific capacity. The hausmannite phase of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) has been studied for rechargeable near-neutral (2 M ZnSO4) zinc-manganese oxide battery applications. Electrochemical investigation in coin cell hardware reveals that Mn3O4activation occurs during the initial ≈ 45 cycles, after which maximum capacity was achieved. More than 65% of its maximum capacity was retained for more than 800 charge/discharge cycles showing excellent reversibility of the material. XRD analysis shows no phase change of Mn3O4during the cycling. Identification and characterization of new Mn-oxide polymorphs, which lead to improved battery performance, are a critical contribution to the field of energy storage. With further improvements, this battery chemistry and its variations, have the potential to meet the requirements for grid-level storage applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".