Analysis of Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple and Second-Harmonic Current in MMCs
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a straightforward approach to analyze the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> harmonic currents in modular multilevel converters. The submodule capacitor voltage ripple is derived based upon the capacitor's charge variations instead of commonly used energy variations, resulting in simplified calculations and an explicit expression for the voltage ripple to calculate the ripple value and select a proper SM capacitor size. Using analysis of the dc-side loop, a closed-form expression for 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> harmonics in the arm currents is obtained considering SM redundancy. To validate the theoretical analyses, a 101-level, 500-MW half-bridge MMC is simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC. Experimental results of a downscaled laboratory setup are also presented. Comprehensive comparisons of the theoretical results obtained by the proposed method against simulation and experimental results as well as against an existing method demonstrate its superior accuracy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it