A multiple‐site field study of stabilized hydrogen peroxide for drinking water disinfection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study examined the impact of changing the secondary disinfectant from chlorine to a stabilized hydrogen peroxide (SHP) in three full‐scale drinking water treatment plants serving small communities in the provinces of Ontario and Newfoundland, Canada. In all three communities, the SHP residuals were maintained within the limits specified by local regulators, with the exception of one of the sites in Newfoundland, where residuals were outside these limits on several occasions during the study. Following the transition to the SHP system, total coliforms and Escherichia coli consistently tested negative (nondetected) in all cases. Switching to the SHP system reduced concentrations of total trihalomethanes to 22–44 μg/L and total haloacetic acids to 47–70 μg/L, corresponding to 72 ± 9 and 67 ± 11% reductions, respectively. The present study indicated that changing the secondary disinfectant to SHP did not negatively affect the polyvinyl chloride and ductileiron pipes in the distribution systems studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".