Polar Benzimidazole-Containing (Sulfonated) Poly(arylene ether ketone)s as Bifunctional Binders for Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes with High Sulfur Loadings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rational design of advanced bifunctional binder featured with both high binding strength and desired polysulfide adsorbing/trapping performance is mandatory for the fabrication of high loading sulfur electrodes for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In the present work, we have studied the potential of a benzimidazole-containing poly(arylene ether ketone) (PAEK-BI) and a sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone- co -benzimidazole) (SPAEK-BI) as bifunctional binders for high sulfur loading cathodes. Our investigation demonstrates that their use significantly improves the sulfur cathode performance with improved sulfur utilization (i.e., higher discharge capacity), reduced capacity decay, longer cycling life, and enhanced rate performance, relative to the conventional poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) binder. The superior performance results from the significantly higher binding strength and the valuable polysulfide trapping ability of the polymers through the sulfonate (−SO 3 –Li) and benzimidazole groups on the polymers. Theoretical density functional theory (DFT) simulation has verified the significantly higher binding energies between the two groups and Li 2 S 4 than PVDF. Ex situ adsorption experiments have also confirmed the significant adsorption of Li 2 S 4 on both polymers. At a sulfur loading of 3.5 mg cm –2, the capacity decay rates of cathodes with PAEK-BI and SPAEK-BI are reduced to as low as 0.025% and 0.039% per cycle over 400 cycles at 0.5 C, respectively. In addition, PAEK-BI and SPAEK-BI also enable the high sulfur loading cathodes (as high as 9.1 and 7.3 mg cm –2, respectively) with high areal capacities (2.9 mAh cm –2 and 2.6 mAh cm –2 ) and high cycling stabilities. With their superior electrochemical performance, both polymers show strong potential for the fabrication of high sulfur loading cathodes of sound cyclic stability for practical applications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".