Experimental study on the high-speed impact of a sand particle on Ti–6Al–4V
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When sand is ingested by a helicopter engine, it collides with the compressor blades at a high relative speed, causing severe erosion damage. A test was conducted on the high-speed impact of sand particles on the target of Ti–6Al–4 V alloy to enhance the understanding of high-speed impact damage mechanism. The test apparatus was used to create supersonic airflow, which was produced by normal temperature air flowing through a special Laval nozzle. The supersonic airflow produced the drag force to increase the velocity of sand particles up to about 400 m/s. The experiment demonstrated that fractured sand particle caused less damage than nonfractured particle under similar impact conditions. The nonfractured particle directly cut the target more easily than the fractured at a relatively low impact velocity. When the impact speed exceeded 300 m/s, the crater depth increased exponentially with the increase of velocity. Impact angle determined the mode of material failure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it