Prediction of bubble terminal velocity in surfactant aqueous solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Bubble terminal velocity has a significant effect on gas holdup, residence time, and efficiency of the interface transfer. Surfactant is often required to generate small and stable bubbles in gas‐liquid two‐phase devices. In this paper, bubble terminal velocities were obtained for different surfactant aqueous solutions using high‐speed CCD (charged couple device) system and digital image analysis technology. Experimental results showed that available correlations were not able to accurately predict terminal velocity of bubbles rising in surfactant aqueous solutions. Thus, a new correlation is proposed based on experimental data and it provides an accurate approximation of bubble terminal velocity. The average relative error for the proposed correlation is determined to be 7.2% in MIBC aqueous solutions, 4.5% in OP‐10 aqueous solutions, and 4.6% in 2‐octanol aqueous solutions. The proposed correlation agrees well with experiment data from literate within ranges of the Morton number, Mo , the bubble Reynolds number, Re , and the Eötvös number, Eo : 3.29 × 10 −11 < Mo <4.29 , 0.08< Re <1062 , 0.04< Eo <91.16 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".