A review of wing reduction and loss in the Sphaeroceridae and the evolution of winglessness in the Australian species of Howickia Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae).
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flightlessness in Diptera is discussed and incidence of wing reduction and loss in the Sphaeroceridae is reviewed. The genus Howickia Richards is particularly unique among genera which display flightlessness because it contains macropterous, brachypterous and apterous species, making it ideal for the study of the evolution of winglessness. This study illustrated, documented and phylogenetically analysed 26 Australian Howickia and Howickia-like species from the University of Guelph Insect Collection. COI data from sphaerocerids around the world as well as morphological data are used to determine outgroups for a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis. Results of the molecular analysis contentiously place Howickia within the strictly New World epandrial process group. Results of the morphological phylogenetic analysis establish one large clade and seven species groups. According to the phylogenetic analysis, wing loss has evolved independently at least three times in Australian Howickia. Several synonymies are suggested for consideration in a future revision.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".