Rotating ionized gas ring around the Galactic center IRS13E3
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We detected a compact ionized gas associated physically with IRS13E3, an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH) candidate in the Galactic center, in the continuum emission at 232 GHz and H30α recombination line using ALMA Cy.5 observation (2017.1.00503.S, P.I. M.Tsuboi). The continuum emission image shows that IRS13E3 is surrounded by an oval-like structure. The angular size is 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$093 ± 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$006 × 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$061 ± 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$004 (1.14 × 1016 cm × 0.74 × 1016 cm). The structure is also identified in the H30α recombination line. This is seen as an inclined linear feature in the position–velocity diagram, which is usually a defining characteristic of a rotating gas ring around a large mass. The gas ring has a rotating velocity of Vrot ≃ 230 km s−1 and an orbit radius of r ≃ 6 × 1015 cm. From these orbit parameters, the enclosed mass is estimated to be $M_{\mathrm{IMBH}}\simeq 2.4\times 10^{4}\, M_{\odot }$. The mass is within the astrometric upper limit mass of the object adjacent to Sgr A*. Considering IRS13E3 has an X-ray counterpart, the large enclosed mass would be supporting evidence that IRS13E3 is an IMBH. Even if a dense cluster corresponds to IRS13E3, the cluster would collapse into an IMBH within τ < 107 yr due to the very high mass density of $\rho \gtrsim 8\times 10^{11}\, M_{\odot }\:$pc−3. Because the orbital period is estimated to be as short as T = 2πr/Vrot ∼ 50–100 yr, the morphology of the observed ionized gas ring is expected to be changed in the next several decades. The mean electron temperature and density of the ionized gas are $\bar{T}_{\mathrm{e}}=6800\pm 700\:$K and $\bar{n}_{\mathrm{e}}=6\times 10^{5}\:$cm−3, respectively. Then the mass of the ionized gas is estimated to be $M_{\mathrm{gas}}=4\times 10^{-4}\, M_{\odot }$.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".