An 1899 Postal Card Offers a Unique Insight Into American Jewish History
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the authors purchased a US postal card for his stamp collection. Based on the preprinted postage and an added postage stamp, we can conclude that the postal card was from no earlier than 1898. The cancellations and address prove that it was mailed from Norma, New Jersey (NJ) on June 12, 1899 en route to Jerusalem, Palestine. It is addressed in German with a message in Hebrew. The author of the postal card was Isaac Krassenstein, one of a group of Russian Jewish refugees who were resettled in a Southern NJ agricultural colony centered around the modern city of Vineland by France’s Alliance Israelite Universelle. Krassenstein wrote to the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem, Samuel Salant, in reference to fundraising efforts for a Jewish charitable organization. As pogroms raged in Czarist Russia, some Jews sought refuge by migration to Southern NJ and becoming land-owning farmers. The postal card reminds us of the causes and outcomes of this migration, the continuing connection of these migrants to the Jewish community of Palestine, and a dictum that motivated some migrants to believe that “all of Israel are responsible, for one another” through charity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".