Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers for Removal of Ammonium from Municipal Wastewater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new geopolymer adsorbent based on papermill sludge was prepared in the form of powder and granules and its efficiency for removing ammonium nitrogen from aqueous solution was investigated using batch and column adsorption experiments.The geopolymer was characterized by XRD and XRF.During adsorption tests, an influence of contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent concentration on ammonium nitrogen removal were studied with powdered form of material.The maximum adsorption capacity of adsorbent towards ammonium nitrogen removed from model solution was found to be 36 mg/g when the adsorbent dose was 2 g/L and pH 7.4, respectively.Synthetic water as well as municipal wastewaters pretreated by flocculation and sedimentation techniques were used in order to prove efficiency of material in a complex matrix.Results obtained indicate that the new geopolymer composition is a promising low-cost material for ammonium nitrogen removal.It has been shown over continuous column experiments that exhausted adsorbent granules could be regenerated with different regeneration agents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".