Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is captured to produce glucose from water and carbon dioxide. This process is divided into two parts: the light reactions where light is captured to generate reducing power in the form of nicotinamide–adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and metabolic energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the dark reactions which subsequently use NADPH and ATP to synthesise carbohydrates. The light reactions take place inside the chloroplast on the thylakoid membranes and utilise four major membrane‐bound protein complexes: photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII), the cytochromeb6fcomplex and an ATPase. The complex series of processes include not only reactions in which light participates directly, but also closely associated reactions that indirectly depend on light. Key Concepts Photosynthesis is divided into two sets of reactions: the light reaction and the dark reaction (the Calvin cycle). In the light reactions, light energy is captured and stored as reducing power in NADPH and metabolic energy in ATP. The light reactions take place on an extensive system of membranes inside the chloroplast called the thylakoids. Large protein–pigment complexes called light‐harvesting complexes (LHC) are arranged on the thylakoid membranes and act as antennas to capture photons of light. Four major protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membranes perform the light reactions: photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII), cytochromeb6fand ATP synthase. The Z‐scheme describes how PSI and PSII act in series to remove an electron from water, shuttle the electron through the transport chain and ultimately use the electron to reduce NADP+to NADPH. As electrons move through the transport chain, protons are translocated to the thylakoid lumen, creating a proton motive force (pmf), which is subsequently used to power the ATP synthase. The ATP and NADPH generated by the light reaction are consumed by the dark reaction to produce carbohydrates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.038 | 0.022 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".