Thermoregulatory adaptations with progressive heat acclimation are predominantly evident in uncompensable, but not compensable, conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study assessed whether, notwithstanding lower resting absolute core temperatures, alterations in time-dependent changes in thermoregulatory responses following partial and complete heat acclimation (HA) are only evident during uncompensable heat stress. Eight untrained individuals underwent 8 wk of aerobic training (i.e., partial HA) followed by 6 days of HA in 38°C/65% relative humidity (RH) (i.e., complete HA). On separate days, esophageal temperature (T es ), arm (LSR arm ), and back (LSR back ) sweat rate, and whole body sweat rate (WBSR) were measured during a 45-min compensable (37°C/30% RH) and 60-min uncompensable (37°C/60% RH) heat stress trial pre-training (PRE-TRN), post-training (POST-TRN), and post–heat acclimation (POST-HA). For compensable heat stress trials, resting T es was lower POST-TRN (36.74 ± 0.27°C, P = 0.05) and POST-HA (36.60 ± 0.27°C, P = 0.001) compared with PRE-TRN (36.99 ± 0.19°C); however, ΔT es was similar in all trials (PRE-TRN:0.40 ± 0.23°C; POST-TRN:0.42 ± 0.20°C; POST-HA:0.43 ± 0.12°C, P = 0.97). While LSR back was unaltered by HA ( P = 0.94), end-exercise LSR arm was higher POST-TRN (0.70 ± 0.14 mg·cm −2 ·min −1 , P < 0.001) and POST-HA (0.75 ± 0.16 mg·cm −2 ·min −1 , P < 0.001) compared with PRE-TRN (0.61 ± 0.15 mg·cm −2 ·min −1 ). Despite matched evaporative heat balance requirements, steady-state WBSR (31st–45th min) was greater POST-TRN (12.7 ± 1.0 g/min, P = 0.02) and POST-HA (12.9 ± 0.8 g/min, P = 0.004), compared with PRE-TRN (11.7 ± 0.9 g/min). For uncompensable heat stress trials, resting T es was lower POST-TRN (36.77 ± 0.22°C, P = 0.05) and POST-HA (36.62 ± 0.15°C, P = 0.03) compared with PRE-TRN (36.86 ± 0.24°C). But ΔT es was smaller POST-TRN (0.77 ± 0.19°C, P = 0.05) and POST-HA (0.75 ± 0.15°C, P = 0.04) compared with PRE-TRN (1.10 ± 0.32°C). LSR back and LSR arm increased with HA ( P < 0.007), supporting the greater WBSR with HA (POST-TRN:14.4 ± 2.4 g/min, P < 0.001; POST-HA:16.8 ± 2.8 g/min, P < 0.001) compared with PRE-TRN (12.7 ± 3.2 g/min). In conclusion, the thermal benefits of HA are primarily evident when conditions challenge the physiological capacity to dissipate heat. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that neither partial nor complete heat acclimation alters the change in core temperature during compensable heat stress compared with an unacclimated state, despite a marginally greater whole body sweat rate. However, the greater local and whole body sweat rate with partial and complete heat acclimation reduced the rise in core temperature during 60 min of uncompensable heat stress compared with an unacclimated state, suggesting the improvements in heat dissipation associated with heat acclimation are best observed when the upper physiological limits for evaporative heat loss are challenged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".