Temporal range extension and evolution of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid ‘Vagaceratops’ irvinensis (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) has a diverse assemblage of chasmosaurines currently represented by Chasmosaurus belli, C. russelli, Vagaceratops irvinensis, and Mercuriceratops gemini, and may also include remains possibly referable to Spiclypeus shipporum. Two skulls, YPM 2016 and AMNH 5402, previously referred to C. belli, both have a straight posterior parietal bar with five epiparietals present (YPM 2016) or inferred (AMNH 5402) on each side – the combination of which is unique to V. irvinensis. Based on our new morphological observations and interpretations of these two skulls, we recover V. irvinensis as a species of Chasmosaurus (C. irvinensis), although the interrelationships between C. irvinensis, C. belli, and C. russelli remain unclear. We refrain from formerly assigning YPM 2016 and AMNH 5402 to C. irvinensis, however, as their parietal fenestrae are significantly larger and their epiparietals are significantly shorter than those of C. irvinensis; instead, we reassign these two skulls to Chasmosaurus sp. Given the low stratigraphic position of YPM 2016 (unknown in AMNH 5402) relative to C. irvinensis, we believe this specimen to represent a basal member of the lineage leading to C. irvinensis. If our assessment is correct, this would indicate that the C. irvinensis lineage has a large degree of stratigraphic overlap with that of C. belli and C. russelli. The close phylogenetic relationship and supposed stratigraphic separation for these three taxa reported in previous studies were used to suggest that they may represent an anagenetic lineage, whereby C. russelli evolved into C. belli, and C. belli evolved into, and was entirely replaced by, the latter. However, the lack of stratigraphic separation between these three taxa indicates that they instead arose via cladogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".