Sex‐differences in the Cardio‐metabolic and Hormonal Responses to Long‐duration Spaceflight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recent NASA review on Sex and Gender effects on cardiovascular adaptations to spaceflight acknowledged the differences between men and women in orthostatic tolerance but suggested more research is required to assess impact on cardiovascular health. The study Vascular had the opportunity to compare responses of 4 men and 4 women who lived on the International Space Station (ISS) for approximately 6‐months. Carotid artery stiffness indicators were obtained pre‐ and immediately post‐flight, and measurements of overnight fasting blood samples were collected twice pre‐flight and twice in the final 30‐days of flight to assess metabolic and hormonal control. Carotid artery distensibility coefficient was reduced ~20% after spaceflight with no sex differences, but carotid artery beta‐stiffness index increased more in women. Sex differences were also seen in glucose regulation with increases in fasting glucose and greater increase in the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance in men. No sex differences were seen in glycated albumin, but the change in glucose was correlated with the change in glycated albumin (r2=0.52). Hormones associated with fluid regulation had significant spaceflight by sex interaction terms for renin and aldosterone, with greater increases in women than in men. Atrial natriuretic peptide decreased in men and women. Plasma superoxide dismutase tended to be increased more in women than men. Sex‐differences were found in blood biomarkers that might be related to arterial stiffness; however, the direction of change was not consistent between men and women. Greater glucose and insulin resistance found in men, or the elevation in aldosterone in women might be associated with increased stiffness, while greater superoxide dismutase would be expected to be associated with reduced stiffness. Carotid artery stiffness in spaceflight is probably associated with elevated local arterial pressures in the absence of gravity. Future studies need to consider potential sex‐differences in metabolic and hormonal biomarkers during investigations of cardiovascular adaptations to spaceflight. Support or Funding Information Supported by Canadian Space Agency
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".