Developments in encapsulation of insulin: Is oral delivery now possible?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This review presents the possibilities of oral delivery of insulin. Insulin, being readily destroyed/ transformed by the proteolytic enzymes and first-pass effects in the digestive system, has mainly been administered through injection, such as intravenous injection and transdermal injection. With developments in the material sciences, appropriate encapsulation methodologies have been developed that could be employed to protect insulin from the digestive effects of the human GI system, and thereby have opened a gateway of research exploring the oral route of insulin delivery. One approach is to incorporate insulin into an emulsion with an appropriate oil-phase, which protects the insulin from degradation. Coating with natural or synthetic polymeric materials, or with lipids, followed by size-reduction to 100-1000 nm is applied as another common approaches of insulin encapsulation. Other approaches like liposomes, nanogels, etc. are also being explored. This review gives a summary of methods of preparation as well as in vitro and in vivo bioavailability of insulin through these methods. It is observed that the oral bioavailability of insulin intake has increased from about 0.1% to about 20% for encapsulated insulin.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".