A Perspective on Stratigraphic, Vertically-Upward “Displacements or Dislocations” of Conodont-Elements: An Example From the Upper Devonian, Pre-Lithified, Black Shales of the Chattanooga Shale Formation In Tennessee, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stratigraphic “displacements or dislocations” are coarse clasts and / or objects (such as unaltered remains or conodont-elements) slowly mobilizing or migrating vertically upward through a fine-grained matrix by a cryogenetic process known as “upfreezing” due to freezing temperatures. The process was originally established by periglaciologists and cold-climate geomorphologists who applied it only to unconsolidated, sedimentary deposits. In this study, the process is applied to the marine, pre-lithified, black shales of the Upper Devonian, Chattanooga Shale Formation, specifically in Tennessee, USA. The importance of this recognition is to alert paleontologists and stratigraphers about the strong possibility of inaccurate age-determinations made concerning coarse objects such as a conodont-element (denticles) (but not fossilized molds) because of their fossilized presence in age-determined, stratigraphic, rock levels when the apatite-composed denticles may have instead been initially deposited at a lower stratigraphic level during pre-lithification of the fine-grained, host-rock (shale) before the paleo-upfreezing process mobilized the denticles upwards. Many lines of evidences are given in this study towards apparent, predominant, freezing temperatures in the pre-existing, Chattanooga Sea of the Appalachian Basin, including particular, supposed, bioturbated, pre-lithified, organic black shale that is reinterpreted here as cryoturbated, pre-lithified, organic, black shale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".