A low cost and large-scale synthesis of 3D photonic crystal with SP2 lattice symmetry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, a novel lithographic method is proposed to prepare three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystal (PC) that is different from conventional top-down and bottom-up approaches. The method combines a 2D optical mask and off-the-axis double optical exposures to create a desirable 3D PC structure. Since the method uses only two optical exposures of a photo-resist layer, it is inherently a low-cost, high throughput and wafer-scale lithographic method. The method is implemented to make a slanted post 3D PC having the SP2 lattice symmetry. Three types of SP2 3D PC structures were successfully fabricated with a minimum feature size of d=1.5 μm over a large scale of 8x10 mm2, without any observable fabrication defects. The SP2 PCs are: (i) SU8 posts in air background, (ii) air pores in CdS background and (iii) Pt coated on SU8 SP2 templates. A spectroscopic study of the SP2 PCs shows select spectral regions of high reflectance, indicating the existence of a photonic stop band. This low-cost and large-scale method could enable broader technological impacts of 3D PC materials in areas such as thermo-photovoltaics and above room-temperature Bose-Einstein Condensation. Furthermore, this off-axis method could lead to the creation of an entirely new class of slanted-rod based photonic crystals, such as topological photonic crystal in 3D.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".