Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The popular Gunpowder Treason Day crossed the Atlantic with the first English settlers both to Jamestown and to New England. As early as 1623 we find William Bradford reporting a bonfire by “roistering” seamen that burned out of control. Still farther north, in Newfoundland, Governor Robert Hayman in 1628 wrote a poem celebrating the “joyfull Holy-day” inadvertently created by “Guy Vaux, and his mates.” In Boston, for decades North Enders battled South Enders on November 5, each group trying to grab the other’s effigy of the pope, the victors then burning both. Throughout the colonies, Pope Day grew to its height in the 18th century. But then came the American Revolution. George Washington scolded the Boston brawlers for “that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the Effigy of the pope,” at a time of seeking the alliance of Catholic Canada. With American colonists aiming more or less at what Guy Fawkes had intended, with religious toleration established in the First Amendment of the Constitution, and with Guy Fawkes increasingly distant and unknown, almost all celebrations of Pope Day disappeared in the 19th century.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".