Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Cheboygan River, Michigan, Watershed: Parasitic Feeding Ecology and Origin of Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historic and recent evidence suggests that a landlocked population of Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) complete their life cycle in the upper Cheboygan watershed. In this watershed, the fish communities of Burt and Mullett lakes support the parasitic-stage for this population, while the surrounding tributaries provide spawning and larval rearing habitat. The Cheboygan River lock and dam system serves as a partial barrier between this ‘upper-river’ population and Sea Lamprey that feed in Lake Huron. Despite this barrier, Lake Huron Sea Lamprey still may escape into the ‘upper-river’ and utilize the same spawning grounds as those from Burt and Mullett lakes. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) what fishes Sea Lamprey feed on in Burt and Mullett lakes and (2) whether spawning-phase Sea Lamprey from Lake Huron can be distinguished from those from Burt and Mullett lakes through morphological characteristics and stable isotopes. Results indicate that ‘upper-river’ Sea Lamprey feed on ‘less desirable’ fishes when compared to their Lake Huron counterparts. Parasitic-phase Sea lamprey from the ‘upper river’ did not differ significantly in size relative to Sea Lamprey from Lake Huron as a group. However, when stratified by month of capture, ‘upper-river’ Sea Lamprey were significantly larger than parasites from Lake Huron. Spawning-phase Sea Lamprey differed significantly in size with Lake Huron Sea Lamprey being larger than those of unknown origins. Stable isotope data showed that ‘upper-river’ Sea Lamprey heads had significantly lower deuterium (δ2H) and δ18O values than those from Lake Huron. Therefore, measurement of total length and weight of spawning-phase Sea Lamprey and deuterium from Sea Lamprey heads should be a useful method for managers to distinguish between spawning-phase Sea Lamprey as either originating from Lake Huron or from the ‘upper-river’, allowing for more accurate population estimates of landlocked Sea Lamprey from Burt and Mullett lakes, aiding in their control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".