Immune Profile of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Chronic Viral Hepatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context: Chronic viral hepatitis (CVH), a world health problem, is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Host immunity plays a critical role in viral clearance, development and progression of the disease. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent an abundant form of innate T cells, which plays an essential role in infectious diseases with releasing cytokine, lysing target cells, and shaping adaptive immunity. Objectives: Although numerous studies showed the immune profiles of MAIT cells in CVH, the results are inconsistent. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to analyze the immune profiles of MAIT cells in CVH. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched and 10 studies were included. Data from each study were compared using the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The quality assessment of studies and publication bias were evaluated by Newcastle-Ottawa scale and Begg’s and Egger’s tests, respectively, and a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Meta-analysis of the enrolled studies showed that the frequency of MAIT cells was significantly lower in patients with CVH as compared to healthy controls (SMD = -0.90, 95% CI: -1.32 to -0.48, P < 0.0001). In addition, MAIT cells displayed an activated and exhausted phenotype (CD38: SMD = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.13, P < 0.0001; HLA-DR: SMD = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.83, P < 0.00001; PD-1: SMD = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.13 to 1.26, P = 0.02; CTLA-4: SMD = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.54, P = 0.0008) but not impaired function during CVH (IFN-γ: SMD = 0.04, 95% CI: -0.28 to 0.37, P = 0.79; TNF-α: SMD = -0.80, 95% CI: -1.77 to 0.16, P = 0.10; Granzyme B: SMD = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.58 to 0.29, P = 0.53; Perforin: SMD = -0.27, 95% CI: -0.87 to 0.33, P = 0.38). Conclusions: In CVH patients, MAIT cells are significantly depleted in the peripheral bloodstream and displayed an activated and exhausted phenotype; however, the reduction of peripheral blood MAIT cells accompanied by activated and exhausted phenotypes may not impair the cytolytic function and cytokine production of these cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.018 | 0.026 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".