Minocycline-loaded calcium polyphosphate glass microspheres as a potential drug-delivery agent for the treatment of periodontitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease with a bacterial etiology that affects the supporting structures of the teeth and is a major cause of tooth loss. The objective of this study was to investigate the drug loading and in vitro release of minocycline from novel calcium polyphosphate microspheres intended for use in treating periodontitis. Methods: Calcium polyphosphate coacervate, produced by a precipitation reaction of calcium chloride and sodium polyphosphate solutions, was loaded with minocycline and subsequently used to produce microspheres by an emulsion/solvent extraction technique. Microspheres classified by size were subjected to a 7-day elution in a Tris-buffer solution under dynamic conditions. The physicochemical characteristics of the drug-loaded microspheres were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. Drug loading and release were determined using ultraviolet -visible (UV/VIS) spectrophotometry. Results: Minocycline-loaded calcium polyphosphate microspheres of varying size were successfully produced, with small and large microspheres having volume mean diameters of 22 ± 1 µm and 193 ± 5 µm, respectively. Polyphosphate chain length and calcium to phosphorus mole ratio remained stable throughout microsphere production. Drug loading was 1.64 ± 0.16, 1.35 ± 0.55, and 0.84 ± 0.14 weight% for the coacervate and large and small microspheres, respectively, corresponding to mean encapsulation efficiencies of 81.7 ± 12.2 % and 50.9 ± 3.9 % for the large and small microspheres. Sustained drug release was observed in vitro over a clinically relevant 7-day period, with small and large microspheres exhibiting similar elution profiles. Antibiotic release generally followed microsphere degradation as measured by Ca and P ion release. Conclusions: This study demonstrated successful drug loading of calcium polyphosphate microspheres with minocycline. Furthermore, in vitro sustained release of minocycline over a 7-day period was observed, suggesting potential utility of this approach for treating periodontitis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".