Eastern Poison Ivy (<i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> L.): A Bioindicator of Natural and Anthropogenic Stress in Fields and Forests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter considers herbaceous and woody plants near the 1800s era hydrocarbon extraction areas (HEAs) in Wiikwemkoong Unceded Territory (WUT) on Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada. Plant community assessment used patterns of diversity and distribution at five field and six forest sites to assess the response of the plants to HEAs. These sites receive brine episodically from HEAs and natural seeps over the Collingwood Oil Shale Formation. This brine contains high concentrations of chloride and sodium along with total dissolved solids that exceed 100,000 mg/L. Exposure to brine is identified as the causative factor shaping plant distribution, survival, size, leaf bleaching (i.e., chlorosis), and dead branches on woody stems. These sites demonstrate an ecotone of disturbance defined by transition from natural plant community to dominance by eastern poison ivy (EPI, Toxicodendron radicans L.). Disturbed sites within brine drainage areas are dominated by EPI, reflecting tolerance to elevated salinity due to rhizome growth strategy. Evaluation of the plant communities and EPI allowed for preparation of a framework that can be used to guide interpretation of response of plants to drainage of brine from HEAs and natural sources beyond WUT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".