Association of Retinopathy and Insulin Resistance: NHANES 2005-2008
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: In animal models, insulin resistance without severe hyperglycemia is associated with retinopathy; however, corroborating data in humans are lacking. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of retinopathy in a population without diabetes and evaluate the association of insulin resistance and retinopathy within this group.Methods: The study population included 1914 adults age ≥40 without diabetes who were assigned to the morning, fasted group in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2008, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control. Retinopathy was determined using fundus photos independently graded by a reading center and insulin resistance was determined using the homeostatic model of insulin resistance.Results: Prevalence of retinopathy in those without diabetes was survey design adjusted 9.4% (174/1914). In multivariable analyses, retinopathy was associated with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.16; p = .0030), male gender (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.85; p = .0267), and age (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05; p = .0203).Conclusions: Insulin resistance in the absence of overt hyperglycemia could be an early driver of retinopathy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it