Acoustic Emission Sensing of Pipe–Soil Interaction: Full-Scale Pipelines Subjected to Differential Ground Movements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the first full-scale demonstration of the potential use of pipe–soil interaction-generated acoustic emission (AE) for early detection of buried pipe deformation. Full-scale tests were performed at the buried infrastructure research facility at Queen’s University, Canada, using a split box apparatus to impose differential ground motion on a steel pipe buried in dry sand, and to investigate the influence of stress level and patterns of deformation on AE generation. The pipe was instrumented with AE sensors, strain gauges, fiber optic strain sensing, and linear potentiometers, and surface deformation was measured using an automatic total station. AE measurements were used to interpret the evolution of the pipe–soil interaction behavior. AE activity correlated strongly (R2 from 0.83 to 0.99) with both the rate and magnitude of pipe deformation at different burial depths, and quantified relationships are presented that enable interpretation of pipe–soil interaction behavior from AE measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".