The Wavelength‐Dependent Complex Refractive Index of Hygroscopic Aerosol Particles and Other Aqueous Media: An Effective Oscillator Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present an effective oscillator model for the wavelength‐dependent complex refractive index of weakly absorbing aqueous solutions. The model is derived using the causal connection between the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index that is described through the Kramers‐Kronig relation. Using cavity‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, we measure both the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of several aqueous solutions whose optical properties are relevant to seawater, aqueous sea‐salt particles, and aqueous organic aerosol. It is demonstrated that the effective oscillator model accurately describes both the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of aqueous solutions across a wide range of water activities and optical wavelengths. Finally, through a comparison with measurements, we verify that mixing rule calculations utilizing oscillator parameters from solutions containing a single solute and water can be used to predict the optical properties of aqueous solutions containing multiple solutes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".