Selective laser melting of hybrid ex-situ/in-situ reinforced titanium matrix composites: Laser/powder interaction, reinforcement formation mechanism, and non-equilibrium microstructural evolutions
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hybrid ex-situ/in-situ reinforced titanium matrix composites (TMCs) were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). The optimized pre-processed 5 wt% B4C/Ti-6Al-4V composite powder feedstock and the un-reinforced Ti-6Al-4V powder were consolidated using energy densities in the range of 50–75 J/mm3. Despite the full melting of the powder particles in the monolithic Ti-6Al-4V system, complete melting of the host Ti-6Al-4V constituent in the composite case took place by energy densities exceeding 62.5 J/mm3. Presence of the guest B4C particles surrounding the un-melted/partially melted host particles gave evidence of the non-efficient guest-to-host heat transfer. In-situ formation of (TiB + TiC) reinforcements was discussed based on a mechanism proposing dissolution rather than melting of the guest particles. The degree of dissolution was a significant function of the energy density and the guest particle size. Microstructural evolutions during SLM of 5 wt% B4C/Ti64 composite were studied, and the non-equilibrium solidification sequence was suggested based on the microstructural observations and the equilibrium solidification path. High cooling rates during SLM inhibited some of the liquid and solid-state transformations in the TMCs. This was confirmed by microstructural observations of the arc-melted parts fabricated by the same composite feedstock. The SLM processed TMCs showed 30–80% enhancement in microhardness compared to the unreinforced Ti64. Keywords: Selective laser melting (SLM), Metal matrix composite (MMC), Ti-6Al-4V, In-situ and ex-situ reinforcement, Solidification path
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it