Influence of deposition rate on hole transport layer morphology and its effect on the electroluminescence stability of phosphorescent organic light emitting devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Material deposition rate during device fabrication is known to influence film morphology. Using the archetypical phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (PhOLED) hole transport material 4,4′-Bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl, the influence of the deposition rate on hole transport layer (HTL) morphology and its effect on the electroluminescence stability of PhOLEDs is investigated. Photoluminescence measurements show that films deposited at lower deposition rates tend to have a shorter exciton lifetime and a higher exciton stability. Atomic force microscopy measurements reveal that films deposited at various deposition rates develop different morphological features over time. More notably, films deposited at lower deposition rates exhibit increased surface roughness and the presence of larger crystalline regions when compared to their counterparts deposited at the higher rates when tested a few days after film deposition, indicating that the lower deposition rate leads to increased structural order in film morphology. We also found that using a lower deposition rate during HTL fabrication can lead to an increase in the electroluminescence stability of PhOLEDs. The increased stability can be attributed to the higher morphological or structural order and shorter exciton lifetime in them, hence a decreased susceptibility to exciton-induced degradation. These findings show direct correlations between material deposition rate, HTL morphology and PhOLED electroluminescence performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".