Freezing Rain Events Related to Atmospheric Rivers and Associated Mechanisms for Western North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are responsible for hazardous hydrometeorological events over western North America. For the period 2070–2099 relative to 1976–2005, regional climate model simulations driven by two coupled global climate models for the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios project up to 90% increase in AR occurrences over western North America. Results also suggest that the increase in AR‐related freezing rain (FR) events is possibly due to changes in both dynamical and thermal mechanisms associated with AR events. In the west coast of Canada, AR‐related FR events are projected to intensify, which is facilitated by the increased midlevel ascent related to differential vorticity advection associated with ARs. The fraction of AR‐related FR amount is projected to increase over the inland of western U.S. and the west coast of Canada, which is possibly driven by the increased temperature difference between the subfreezing near‐surface layer and the above‐freezing layer aloft.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".